Understanding Overbites in Cats: Causes, Signs, and Care
An overbite in cats is a form of skeletal malocclusion where the lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw. Known scientifically as mandibular brachygnathism or Class II malocclusion, this condition results in improper alignment of the feline teeth when the mouth is closed. While it’s relatively uncommon in cats, it can lead to serious oral discomfort and health issues if not diagnosed and managed properly.
What Is a Normal Cat Bite?
In a healthy feline mouth, there should be a scissor-like alignment between the upper and lower incisors, with the lower canines fitting comfortably between the upper third incisor and the upper canine. This structure allows cats to grasp food, groom efficiently, and maintain oral health.
Types of Malocclusion in Cats
- Class I (Dental Malocclusion): Teeth are misaligned but the jaw is of normal length.
- Class II (Skeletal Malocclusion or Overbite): The lower jaw is too short compared to the upper jaw, causing misaligned contact.
- Class III (Underbite): The lower jaw is longer than the upper, often seen in brachycephalic breeds.
- Class IV (Asymmetrical Malocclusion): Uneven jaw development leads to sideways or front-to-back mismatches.
Causes of Overbite in Cats
Several factors can contribute to the development of an overbite in cats:
- Genetic predisposition: Some breeds like Persians, British Shorthairs, and Exotic Shorthairs are more likely to develop jaw misalignment.
- Retained deciduous (baby) teeth: If baby teeth are not properly shed, they can disturb the eruption of permanent teeth.
- Trauma: Injuries to the developing jaw can alter its growth pattern.
- Developmental abnormalities: These may affect how the jaw and teeth grow and align.
- Disease or malnutrition: These can interfere with normal skeletal development during a kitten’s early months.
Symptoms of Overbite in Cats
While some overbites are mild and symptomless, more severe cases can produce a range of clinical signs including:
- Visible teeth misalignment
- Difficulty chewing or picking up food
- Drooling or bad breath
- Pawing at the mouth or showing signs of oral pain
- Facial swelling or infections due to trauma caused by misaligned teeth contacting soft tissue
- Behavioral changes such as irritability or reluctance to eat
Diagnostic Process
A proper diagnosis involves a comprehensive physical and oral examination by a veterinarian. This may need to be performed under anesthesia to allow full jaw manipulation and use of dental X-rays to assess underlying structures. Early diagnosis is key in preventing discomfort and long-term damage.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity and impact of the malocclusion:
- Monitoring: Mild cases that cause no discomfort may be observed over time.
- Tooth extraction: Retained or abnormally positioned teeth that cause injury may need to be removed.
- Orthodontics: In young cats, appliances can sometimes realign teeth.
- Crown reduction: Filing down high-contact teeth to reduce trauma.
- Oral surgery: In severe cases, surgical correction of the jaw or its components may be required.
Breed Predispositions
Flat-faced or brachycephalic breeds are more prone to congenital dental and jaw abnormalities due to their facial bone structure. Cats such as:
- Persians
- Himalayans
- Exotic Shorthairs
- Some Maine Coons
often exhibit variations in jaw alignment that may or may not require intervention.
Prevention and Long-Term Care
While some causes of overbite are genetic and unpreventable, pet owners can take steps to manage and reduce risks:
- Regular veterinary dental checkups
- Monitor for retained baby teeth
- Use dental chews or toys to maintain oral health
- Avoid breeding cats with known malocclusions
- Prompt dental care when signs of oral discomfort appear
Conclusion
Although overbites in cats are uncommon, they can significantly affect your cat’s comfort and health if not managed appropriately. Understanding the causes, recognizing the signs, and seeking prompt veterinary care can greatly enhance quality of life. With regular dental evaluations and responsible breeding practices, many feline malocclusions can be managed or even prevented.
