Understanding Laryngeal Paralysis in Cats
Laryngeal paralysis is an uncommon but serious upper airway disorder in cats, primarily affecting older felines. It occurs when the **arytenoid cartilages** and **vocal folds** fail to open normally during inspiration. This leads to **airway obstruction**, causing breathing difficulties and potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated.
What Is Laryngeal Paralysis?
Laryngeal paralysis is defined by the **inability of the larynx to open properly** when a cat breathes in. This is due to the dysfunction of the **recurrent laryngeal nerves**, which control the muscles that facilitate the opening of the larynx.
Causes of Laryngeal Paralysis in Cats
Laryngeal paralysis in cats is rare compared to dogs, but when it does occur, the causes are typically categorized as either:
- Acquired: Develops later in life due to trauma, tumors, surgical complications, generalized nerve diseases (polyneuropathy), or hypothyroidism.
- Congenital: Present at birth due to genetic or developmental defects, although this is especially rare in felines.
In many cases, especially in older cats, the underlying cause remains **idiopathic**, meaning no identifiable reason is found.
Clinical Signs to Watch For
Symptoms usually **develop slowly over months** and may be subtle at first. Common signs include:
- Dry or harsh cough
- Voice changes, such as hoarseness or loss of meow
- Noisy or raspy breathing
- Increased respiratory effort
- Lethargy or decreased activity
- Fast breathing, even at rest
- Reduced or stopped purring
- Gagging or coughing during meals
- Regurgitation
- Cyanosis (blue or purple coloration of gums and tongue)
- Collapse in severe cases
Signs tend to worsen during **emotional stress, exercise**, or **hot weather**.
How Is Laryngeal Paralysis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically requires a combination of methods:
- Detailed physical and neurological exam
- Review of clinical signs and history
- Blood tests to assess overall health
- Radiographs (X-rays) of chest and possibly neck
- Direct visualization of larynx using laryngoscopy or endoscopy under light anesthesia
Occasionally, **advanced imaging (CT)** or **genetic testing** is used, especially if a congenital or complex underlying issue is suspected.
Treatment Options for Laryngeal Paralysis
Treatment depends on the **severity** of symptoms and the **underlying cause**.
Conservative Management
Mild cases without severe symptoms may be managed medically through:
- Weight management
- Restricting strenuous activity
- Avoiding hot and humid environments
- Using harnesses instead of neck collars
Medical treatments may include:
- Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
- Oxygen therapy during respiratory distress
- External cooling and sedation in crises
Surgical Intervention
For moderate to severe cases, especially where breathing is clearly obstructed, surgery is indicated. The most common procedure is:
Unilateral Arytenoid Lateralization (Tie-back Surgery): A suture is placed to pull one side of the larynx open permanently, improving airflow while minimizing aspiration risk.
Other surgical choices may be considered if a cat is not a suitable candidate for tie-back.
Postoperative and Long-term Care
Following surgery, intensive care measures help improve the success rate:
- Limit activity and vocalization for 6–8 weeks
- Feed canned food or small meatballs
- Elevated feeding bowls
- Use of body harnesses only
- No swimming or head immersion
Complications to Monitor
Some cats may experience complications, such as:
- Aspiration pneumonia before or after surgery
- Coughing post meals
- Suture failure or infection
- Permanent voice changes
- Persistent or recurring obstruction
Prognosis and Ongoing Care
Although the condition is rare, some cats respond well to surgery and enjoy an **improved quality of life**. However, prognosis is considered **guarded** due to limited data and the high risk of complications. Lifelong monitoring and avoidance of risk factors remain crucial.
Final Thoughts
Laryngeal paralysis in cats is a challenging condition, usually affecting older animals. Early identification and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes. Whether managed conservatively or surgically, consistent veterinary follow-up and at-home care are essential to preserving your pet’s respiratory function and comfort.
