Understanding Polydactyl Cats: Traits, History, and Care
Polydactyl cats, affectionately known as mitten cats or Hemingway cats, are felines born with more toes than usual. While most cats have 18 toes—five on each front paw and four on each back paw—polydactyl cats can have up to seven toes per paw, with some holding the world record at 28 toes.
Genetic Causes of Polydactyly
This condition is hereditary, resulting from a dominant gene mutation. If just one parent carries the gene, some offspring may exhibit extra toes. The mutation most frequently occurs in the ZRS regulatory region affecting the SHH (sonic hedgehog) gene, crucial for limb development.
Geographic and Breed Prevalence
Polydactyl cats are especially common along the East Coast of North America, including parts of Massachusetts and Florida, and also in southwest England, Wales, and Canada. While any breed can exhibit this trait, it’s more often seen in the following:
- Maine Coon – Historically, nearly 40% were polydactyl.
- Pixiebob – A breed where polydactylism is relatively common.
- American Polydactyl – Not an official breed but a term for U.S. cats with extra toes.
Types of Extra Digits
Polydactyly manifests in three main forms:
- Preaxial: Extra digits on the inner or thumb side of the paw.
- Postaxial: Extra digits on the pinky or outer side.
- Mesoaxial: Extra toes developing in the center of the paw.
These toes can vary in appearance—from fully formed and functional toes to soft tissue nubs. The additional digits are not always symmetrical or paired across paws.
Health Implications
Generally, polydactyly does not harm cats. However, some extra toes may lack proper bone attachment, increasing the risk of injury or infection. In rare cases where discomfort arises, a vet may recommend surgical removal of the problematic toe. Owners need to be especially diligent in foot care:
- Trim nails regularly, as some claws don’t make ground contact and may overgrow.
- Check between toes for dirt, swelling, or discomfort.
- Monitor for signs like limping or change in gait.
Historical and Cultural Significance
Historically, polydactyl cats were favored by sailors who believed their broader feet improved balance on ships and rodent hunting efficiency. The mutation likely spread through feline companions on ships from Boston and Britain.
Ernest Hemingway, the famous American author, played a pivotal role in popularizing polydactyl cats. After receiving a six-toed cat from a ship captain, he kept several at his home in Key West, Florida, where their descendants still live today. Hence the term “Hemingway cats.”
Common Misconceptions
Despite popular belief, polydactyl cats are not rare, especially in areas with high incidence or among breeds like Maine Coons. Furthermore, these cats are typically not more valuable than their non-polydactyl counterparts, unless other factors such as pedigree are present.
Living with a Polydactyl Cat
For pet owners, polydactyl cats offer a combination of novelty and charm. Their extra toes don't hinder their agility or lifespan when cared for properly. However, they do require a bit more attention in some areas:
- Nail trimming is essential to prevent embedded claws.
- Paws should be checked routinely for infections or irritants.
- Consult a vet if you notice unusual paw behaviors.
In conclusion, polydactylism adds a touch of uniqueness without impairing a cat’s quality of life. Whether you're charmed by their historical ties or simply love their mitten-like paws, these cats are an amazing addition to any family.
