All About Polydactyl Cats: The Extra-Toed Felines
Polydactyl cats, also known as mitten cats or Hemingway cats, are unique felines that are born with more toes than the typical number. Most cats have 18 toes—five on each front paw and four on each back paw. In contrast, polydactyl cats may have up to seven toes per paw, with the record number of toes being 28. This anatomical anomaly is fascinating not just for its appearance, but also for its genetic, historical, and cultural significance.
What Causes Polydactyly?
The condition is caused by a dominant gene mutation. This means that only one parent needs to carry the gene for some of the offspring to inherit the trait. The genetic mutation typically affects the ZRS regulatory region which controls the expression of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene, a crucial gene involved in limb development in animals.
Types of Polydactyl Paws
- Preaxial: Extra toes on the inner side (thumb side) of the paw
- Postaxial: Extra toes on the outer side (pinky side)
- Mesoaxial: Extra digits in the middle of the paw
These extra toes can vary in form—from small fleshy nubs to fully formed, functional digits complete with bones and claws. Not all extra toes appear symmetrically or in matching numbers, adding to the uniqueness of each polydactyl cat.
Health and Care Considerations
For the most part, polydactyly does not negatively impact a cat’s health. However, there are some important care considerations for owners:
- Some extra toes may be poorly attached to the cat’s skeletal structure, making them more prone to injury.
- Extra claws may not wear down naturally if they don’t touch the ground, increasing the risk of overgrowth and infection.
- Regular nail trimming is essential to prevent problems such as ingrown nails or infections.
- Watch for signs of discomfort such as limping or swelling, which may indicate an infected or problematic extra digit.
If a claw consistently causes issues or pain, veterinary removal may be recommended. Routine checks of their paws and claws help to ensure polydactyl cats live happy, healthy lives.
Polydactyl Cats in History
Historically, these cats were regarded with admiration and even revered as good luck charms by sailors and ship crews. The belief was that the cats’ extra toes offered better balance on rolling decks and improved their ability to grab and catch rodents. These qualities made them valuable companions on transatlantic voyages.
The trait spread globally thanks to these maritime adventures, especially in regions such as:
- Massachusetts and Key West, Florida (U.S.A.)
- Southwest England and Wales
- Parts of Canada
One of the most famous polydactyl cat aficionados was the writer Ernest Hemingway, who received a six-toed cat from a sea captain. Hemingway’s former residence in Key West is now a museum that houses dozens of his polydactyl cat descendants, hence the nickname “Hemingway cats.”
Popularity and Breed Associations
While not exceedingly rare, polydactyl cats are more common in some breeds and regions:
- Maine Coon: Historically, up to 40% of early Maine Coons were polydactyl
- Pixiebob: A breed where polydactyly still occurs somewhat frequently
- American Polydactyl: Not a distinct breed, but a term used to describe domestic cats in the U.S. with extra toes
In modern breeding, polydactyl traits are sometimes selected against to meet breed standards, which has decreased their prevalence in purebred populations. That said, many owners cherish their cats’ unusual toes and see them as a sign of distinction.
World Record Holders
Certain individual cats have garnered fame for their toe count. Notably:
- Jake: A cat from Canada who was recognized by Guinness World Records for having 28 toes (seven on each paw)
- Paws: Another record-holder with 28 toes, each functional and clawed
These cats exemplify the full range of polydactyly, both in terms of numbers and symmetry.
Conclusion
Polydactyl cats are beloved for both their distinct appearance and their storied past. Whether you admire them for their genetics, their maritime lore, or simply find their big paws endearing, these cats make delightful pets. While not necessarily more valuable than other cats, their uniqueness and charm have earned them a special place in feline fascination. With routine care focused on their paws and claws, polydactyl cats can thrive just as well as their standard-toed counterparts.
