Recognizing the Signs of Kidney Failure in Cats
Kidney failure in cats—also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD)—is a progressive and irreversible condition that primarily affects aging felines. It develops slowly over time and is often undetected until a significant portion of kidney function is lost. Understanding how cats behave during kidney failure is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
What is Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats?
CKD is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over a period greater than three months. Without health kidneys, vital functions such as filtering waste, regulating electrolytes, and producing important hormones begin to fail.
Key Behavioral and Physical Signs
Because cats are adept at hiding illness, clinical signs may not be apparent until late in the disease. However, you might begin to observe the following symptoms:
- Increased thirst (polydipsia)
- Increased urination (polyuria)
- Weight loss
- Poor coat condition
- Decreased appetite (anorexia)
- Lethargy and weakness
- Vomiting and nausea
- Bad breath with a chemical or ammonia odor
- Oral ulcers
- Muscle wasting
- Dehydration (dry gums, sunken eyes)
Advanced Kidney Disease Signs
As CKD progresses further, cats may exhibit more severe symptoms:
- Hypertension — leading to sudden blindness or seizures
- Anemia — pale gums, rapid heart rate
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Fluid retention and tissue swelling (edema)
- Behavioral changes — increased hiding or apathy
- Neurological signs — disorientation, twitching, seizures, coma
Why Do These Changes Occur?
These changes stem from the kidney’s inability to clear waste and regulate the body’s balance. When toxins build up in the blood, it affects various organs, leading to multisystemic clinical signs.
Risk Factors to Be Aware Of
Certain breeds and conditions predispose cats to CKD. These include:
- Age — especially over 10 years
- Breed predispositions (e.g., Persian, Abyssinian, Russian Blue)
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- History of acute kidney injury or infections
- Exposure to toxins (e.g., antifreeze, lilies)
Diagnosis and Monitoring
Veterinarians diagnose CKD through a combination of:
- Blood tests (elevated BUN, creatinine, SDMA)
- Urinalysis (dilution, protein loss)
- Physical examination and blood pressure monitoring
- Imaging studies — ultrasound or X-rays
- Urine culture to detect infections
Managing Kidney Failure
Although CKD is not curable, timely and individualized treatment can extend life and maintain quality:
- Dietary Modification: A kidney-friendly diet low in protein and phosphorus is recommended. Phosphorus binders may be added if necessary.
- Hydration: Fresh water access, wet food, and in advanced stages, subcutaneous or IV fluids are essential.
- Medications: To manage hypertension (e.g., amlodipine), nausea (maropitant, mirtazapine), and anemia (erythropoietin analogs).
- Monitoring: Regular exams and lab tests every 3–6 months help track disease progression.
Prognosis
Outcomes depend on the stage at diagnosis and the individual cat's response to treatment. With appropriate care, many cats live for months to years in good comfort and health.
When to See the Vet
If you observe any of the above signs or behaviors, schedule a veterinary visit promptly. Early intervention is key to slowing disease progression and maintaining quality of life.
Concluding Thoughts
Kidney failure in cats is common, especially among seniors. While incurable, it can be managed effectively with veterinary support, proper nutrition, and ongoing monitoring. As a cat owner, being vigilant about your cat’s hydration, appetite, urination, and energy can make a significant difference.
