Treating Periodontal Disease in Dogs: A Complete Guide
Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent health conditions in dogs, affecting approximately 80–90% of those over the age of two. It begins with plaque buildup, progresses to gingivitis, and can advance into periodontitis, ultimately threatening tooth and systemic health. Understanding the stages, symptoms, and proper treatment is critical for ensuring your dog's overall wellness.
Understanding the Disease
Periodontal disease comprises inflammatory conditions of the tissues surrounding the teeth—the gums, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The disease often starts with bacterial plaque buildup that hardens into tartar, creating ideal conditions for further bacterial growth and inflammation.
Stages of Periodontal Disease
- Stage 0: Healthy teeth and gums
- Stage 1: Gingivitis; inflammation without attachment loss, reversible
- Stage 2: Early periodontitis; up to 25% attachment loss
- Stage 3: Moderate periodontitis; 25–50% attachment loss
- Stage 4: Advanced periodontitis; more than 50% attachment loss
Symptoms to Watch For
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Red, swollen, or bleeding gums
- Visible plaque and tartar
- Loose or missing teeth
- Difficulty chewing or eating
- Pawing at the mouth
- Changes in appetite or behavior
Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease
A thorough dental exam under
general anesthesia is necessary for accurate diagnosis. This includes dental probing for pocket depth and radiographs (X-rays) to assess bone loss.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the
stage of the disease:
Stage 1: Gingivitis
- Professional dental cleaning (scaling and polishing)
- Removal of plaque and tartar above and below the gum line
- Daily tooth brushing at home
Stage 2–3: Early to Moderate Periodontitis
- Deep cleaning and root planing
- Local antimicrobial therapy applied to periodontal pockets
- Home oral care continued daily
Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis
- Surgical interventions like flap surgery or bone grafts
- Tooth extractions if teeth are unsalvageable
- Pain management and systemic antibiotics when needed
Risks of Avoiding Treatment
Untreated disease can cause systemic issues like:
- Heart, liver, and kidney damage due to spread of bacteria
- Jaw fractures or oral fistulas
- Weight loss and chronic pain
Prevention and Home Care
Daily removal of plaque is crucial for prevention:
- Brush your dog's teeth with canine-specific toothpaste
- Use dental chews and toys that reduce tartar
- Feed dental diets designed to minimize plaque
- Add veterinary-approved oral rinses or gels
- Schedule vet dental exams every 6–12 months
Helpful Products
Choose products with the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal:
- Enzymatic toothpastes
- Approved dental chews and diets
- Oral rinses/spays with proven efficacy
Summary
Periodontal disease in dogs is common yet preventable. Early intervention through professional cleaning and consistent home care can halt progression. Advanced cases may require surgery and extractions but can still improve quality of life. Regular monitoring, proper nutrition, and preventive care are key to maintaining your dog’s oral and overall health.
