Understanding the Dangers of Mothballs to Animals
Mothballs are small, powerful pesticide products typically used to protect stored clothing and fabrics from moths and insect damage. While they may seem like a convenient solution, mothballs pose significant health risks not just to humans but also to a variety of animals. Knowing which animals are affected, the signs of exposure, and how to prevent poisoning can help protect pets and wildlife.
What Are Mothballs Made Of?
Mothballs generally consist of one of three chemical substances:
- Naphthalene: Older type, highly toxic to animals and humans.
- Paradichlorobenzene (PDB): More common in modern mothballs, slightly less toxic but still dangerous.
- Camphor: Rare in North America, but still capable of causing poisoning in animals.
These substances release toxic vapors that are intended to kill insects. However, when used improperly, these vapors can spread throughout a home or garden, putting animals in jeopardy.
Animals Affected by Mothballs
Mothball exposure is hazardous to many animals:
- Dogs: Highly susceptible due to curiosity-driven ingestion. Even one mothball can be toxic, especially for small breeds.
- Cats: More sensitive than dogs but less likely to ingest. They can suffer serious effects from simply inhaling fumes.
- Wildlife: Outdoor use of mothballs can poison birds, raccoons, squirrels, and other non-target species.
- Livestock: If accidentally exposed to mothball vapors or ingestion, larger animals can also become ill.
Improper storage or outdoor use of mothballs exponentially increases the risk of harm.
How Mothballs Poison Animals
Animals can be poisoned via:
- Ingestion: Eating mothballs is the most dangerous route and can lead to death.
- Inhalation: Breathing in vapors can cause respiratory and neurological issues.
- Dermal absorption: Contact with skin, fur, or paws can allow toxins to enter the bloodstream.
Symptoms of Mothball Poisoning
Affected animals may show the following symptoms:
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Refusal to eat
- Abdominal pain
- Weakness and lethargy
- Pale or discolored gums
- Tremors, seizures, or labored breathing
- Blood in urine or jaundice
- Mothball odor on breath or fur
Symptoms can appear within hours or may be delayed for several days depending on the type of mothball and the animal’s size.
What Makes Naphthalene More Dangerous?
Naphthalene is more acutely toxic than PDB or camphor. As little as 0.6 g/kg of naphthalene can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs. With a single mothball weighing around 2.7–5 g, small breeds are at exceptional risk.
Diagnosis and Veterinary Treatment
Immediate veterinary attention is crucial for any suspected exposure. A proper diagnosis usually includes:
- Health history and exposure details
- Physical examination
- Blood tests and urinalysis
- Possible X-rays to locate mothballs in the stomach
Treatment may involve:
- Induced vomiting or stomach lavage (only by a veterinarian)
- Activated charcoal to bind toxins
- IV fluids to support organ function and flush poisons
- Medications to manage vomiting, seizures, or liver damage
- Oxygen therapy and, if needed, blood transfusions
There is no antidote, so early support is the best course of action. Prognosis depends on factors like amount ingested, chemical type, and how quickly treatment starts.
Long-Term Effects and Fatal Outcomes
Delayed treatment, ingestion of large amounts, or exposure in animals with preexisting conditions can lead to organ damage, chronic disease, or even death. Some pets may suffer permanent liver or kidney impairment.
How to Prevent Mothball Poisoning
To keep animals safe, follow these guidelines:
- Store mothballs properly: Always in sealed, airtight containers out of pet and child reach.
- Use indoors only: Never in gardens, yards, garages, or open closets.
- Read and follow label instructions: Avoid mixing chemical types or excessive use.
- Dispose of properly: Mothballs are hazardous waste and should be discarded according to local regulations.
- Use alternatives: Airtight storage, cedar blocks, or pheromone traps are safer ways to deter pests.
The Bottom Line
Mothballs, while effective against fabric pests, present a dangerous threat to household pets and wildlife. Dogs, cats, and other animals can suffer severe or fatal reactions from ingesting, inhaling, or contacting mothballs made from naphthalene, PDB, or camphor. Responsible use, secure storage, and awareness of symptoms can save lives. When in doubt, consult your veterinarian immediately if any type of exposure is suspected.
