Panniculitis in Cats: The Silent and Overlooked Threat
Panniculitis is a comparatively
uncommon but serious inflammatory condition that affects the subcutaneous fat tissue in cats. Often underrecognized, this disease can silently progress and lead to systemic issues if left untreated. It manifests in various forms, with diverse causes and clinical signs that pet owners should never ignore.
What Is Panniculitis?
Panniculitis refers to inflammation of the fat layer beneath the skin, presenting as nodules or swellings. These may be soft or firm, tender to the touch, and are susceptible to rupture. The discharge from these nodules can range from yellow to bloody, and upon healing, scarring, skin discoloration, and even
permanent hair loss (alopecia) can occur.
Causes of Panniculitis in Cats
The causes of feline panniculitis are multifactorial and include both infectious and non-infectious triggers:
- Trauma (e.g., bite wounds, injections)
- Bacterial or fungal infections
- Immune-mediated diseases like lupus panniculitis
- Neoplasia or cancerous growths
- Vitamin E deficiency
- Pancreatitis
- Drug reactions
- Poor nutrition
- Idiopathic (unknown origin)
Trauma is the most common cause when there's a single lump, while multiple nodules usually prompt further diagnostic investigation.
Signs and Symptoms
Clinical presentation can vary, but some of the most common signs include:
- Subcutaneous nodules that may ulcerate or drain fluid
- Discolored or crusted skin at rupture sites
- Localized pain or tenderness
- Systemic signs such as fever, lethargy, and appetite loss
Nodules typically appear on the trunk or abdomen, but they may develop anywhere, including the feet, neck, or flanks.
Diagnosis
Proper diagnosis involves a layered approach:
- Detailed health history and physical examination
- Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or biopsy for cytology and histopathology
- Blood tests to evaluate systemic health
- Imaging to assess underlying diseases like pancreatitis
- Microbial culture and sensitivity testing
Veterinarians classify the disease as either infectious or sterile based on test outcomes.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment depends on whether an infectious agent is identified:
- Targeted antibiotics for bacterial or fungal infections
- Long-term antibiotic therapy for mycobacterial panniculitis
- Surgical removal of affected tissue, especially beneficial in localized or resistant cases
- Use of immunosuppressive medications such as prednisolone, cyclosporine, or tacrolimus in sterile cases
- Vitamin E supplementation, particularly where dietary deficiency is suspected or confirmed
Aggressive treatment may be necessary for chronic or severe forms, which may require tissue reconstruction post-surgery.
Complications and Prognosis
Prognosis is generally favorable, **especially when the underlying cause is identified and properly treated**. However, recurrence is not uncommon, particularly in cases related to immune dysfunction or systemic illness.
Complications can include:
- Spread of infection
- Perforating ulcers and long-term skin damage
- Systemic toxicity from fat degradation
Regular veterinary follow-up is essential to monitor for new lesions and prevent relapses.
Prevention Strategies
Owners can take steps to reduce the risk of panniculitis:
- Keep cats indoors to minimize trauma risk
- Ensure a balanced, well-formulated diet rich in Vitamin E and nutrients
- Use proper technique for injections
- Immediate veterinary consultation when signs of skin nodules occur
- Limit exposure to known infectious agents
Even though nutritional panniculitis is rare today, maintaining overall health and diet remains key.
Conclusion
Feline panniculitis is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease. It silently develops under the skin and may not show severe symptoms until serious internal reactions have occurred. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are vital. If your cat shows signs of abnormal lumps, fever, or behavioral changes, consult a veterinarian promptly. Being proactive can dramatically improve outcomes and protect your beloved pet from this silent and complex condition.
