Why Does My Dog Have 20 Toes? Understanding Polydactyly and Dewclaws in Dogs
It can be surprising to discover your dog has more toes than expected. Most dogs typically have 18 toes — five on each front paw and four on each rear paw. However, noticing 20 toes on your dog isn't necessarily a cause for concern. This unique trait may result from a condition called polydactyly or because your dog belongs to a breed that commonly has rear dewclaws or even double dewclaws.
Typical Toe Count in Dogs
A standard canine paw setup includes:
- Five toes on each front paw, one of which is the dewclaw, located higher on the leg.
- Four toes on each rear paw, commonly without dewclaws.
The front dewclaw is akin to a canine “thumb,” typically not touching the ground when the dog stands or walks but useful for gripping, scratching, and climbing.
Dewclaws: Functional or Not?
Dewclaws vary by placement and purpose:
- Front dewclaws are usually better attached, sometimes even supported by bone.
- Rear dewclaws are often attached only by skin and more susceptible to injury.
- Some breeds even have double rear dewclaws.
Front dewclaws help with stability and traction, especially on rough or slippery surfaces. When structurally sound, they can genuinely assist in a dog's overall agility and function.
Polydactyly in Dogs
Polydactyly — the condition of having extra toes — is a genetic mutation that can either be naturally occurring or encouraged through selective breeding, especially among dogs adapted to rugged environments. These extra toes can increase stability and improve movement on challenging terrain, making them desirable in certain working breeds.
Dog Breeds Known for Extra Toes
Certain breeds are genetically predisposed to having more than the typical number of toes, such as:
- Norwegian Lundehund – the only breed known to have six toes per paw, totaling 24 toes.
- Saint Bernard
- Briard
- Beauceron
- Icelandic Sheepdog
- Estrela Mountain Dog
- Portuguese Sheepdog
- Anatolian Shepherd Dog
These breeds may show single or double dewclaws on their hind legs, leading to more than the standard toe count.
When Are Extra Toes a Concern?
While extra toes aren’t typically harmful, complications may arise, particularly with dewclaws that are loosely attached:
- They are prone to catching on other objects and getting torn or injured.
- If overgrown, the nail can become ingrown or infected.
- They may require removal for health or safety reasons.
Toe Removal and Care
Removal of dewclaws is most often performed when puppies are just a few days old — this process is usually simple and avoids long-term complications.
- Later-life removal may require anesthesia and sutures.
- Front dewclaws should generally remain unless injury or disease necessitates removal, as they assist in mobility support.
- Rear dewclaws or loosely attached extra digits are more frequently removed due to the risk of injury.
Maintenance of Dewclaws
Because these claws don't contact the ground during walking, they don’t wear down naturally. This makes regular trimming essential for good paw hygiene and prevents injury or discomfort.
- Inspect dewclaws as part of routine grooming.
- Watch for signs of overgrowth, cracks, or redness.
- Trim them gently or consult a groomer or veterinarian.
Understanding Canine Limb Development
Paw structure and toe formation occur approximately during the 23rd day of gestation in dogs. Genetic mutations at this stage can lead to polydactyly. It is usually harmless unless complications arise, making it more of a cosmetic or breed-specific trait than a medical issue.
Conclusion
If your dog has 20 toes, it's likely due to genetic factors or because it's a breed with rear dewclaws—single or double. This is rarely an issue unless the extra toes are loosely attached or become injured. Monitoring dewclaws for signs of distress and trimming them regularly are key components of responsible pet care. When in doubt, consult your veterinarian for personalized guidance.
