The Origins and Types of Corgis: Pembroke vs. Cardigan
The term Corgi refers to two distinct breeds of herding dogs from Wales: the Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. Despite their similarities in appearance and name, these two breeds have separate origins, physical characteristics, and temperaments. Understanding their histories and differences can help both prospective dog owners and enthusiasts appreciate what makes each variety unique.
The History of the Cardigan Welsh Corgi
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is the older of the two Corgi breeds. Thought to have descended from dogs brought to Wales over 3,000 years ago by Celtic tribes, the Cardigan shares characteristics with the Dachshund, including a long body and deep chest. This breed originally functioned as a herding and guard dog, prized for its intelligence and adaptability.
The Development of the Pembroke Welsh Corgi
The Pembroke Welsh Corgi emerged later and is believed to be descended from Spitz-type dogs brought to Wales by Viking settlers. This variety became popular for its agility, intelligence, and effectiveness in herding livestock. Over time, the Pembroke Corgi gained widespread popularity—particularly after Queen Elizabeth II adopted them as her favorite breed.
Physical Differences Between Pembrokes and Cardigans
- Tail: Cardigans have long, bushy tails; Pembrokes may have natural bobtails or docked tails.
- Size: Cardigans are generally larger and heavier than Pembrokes.
- Ears: Cardigans have rounded ears, while Pembrokes have more pointed ears.
- Body Structure: Cardigans have a more robust frame, whereas Pembrokes have a lighter build.
Genetics and Tail Docking
All Corgis are born with tails, but tail length and treatment vary by breed and geography. In Pembroke Welsh Corgis, some puppies are born with natural bobtails due to a partially dominant gene. If a dog receives two copies of this gene, however, it results in embryonic lethality. Therefore, purposeful breeding for bobtails is risky.
Historically, tail docking in Pembroke Corgis was performed to avoid damage during herding. Today, it mainly serves to meet American Kennel Club (AKC) show standards, which require that tails not exceed two inches in length. In contrast, tail docking is banned in much of Europe and the UK, where both Corgi varieties typically keep their natural tails.
Ethical Considerations Around Tail Docking
Veterinary experts and animal welfare organizations increasingly oppose non-medical tail docking. Evidence suggests that even very young puppies experience acute pain during the procedure, and that tail removal can impact nervous system development, pain sensitivity, and a dog’s ability to communicate and balance effectively.
- Pain during and after docking is now well-documented.
- Dogs use tails for communication with humans and other animals.
- Balance and coordination are also affected by tail loss.
As such, many countries have banned the practice altogether except for medically necessary cases.
Choosing a Corgi: Cardigan or Pembroke?
When deciding between the two, prospective dog owners should consider their lifestyle and preferences:
- Cardigans may be better suited for families looking for a sturdy, calm companion.
- Pembrokes are generally more energetic and outgoing, making them perfect for active households.
For those who want a Pembroke with a full tail, some breeders can accommodate this request if made early enough—typically before scheduled docking. However, these full-tailed Pembrokes may be ineligible for AKC conformation shows in the United States.
Conclusion
To answer the question, Corgis are not a blend of two breeds; rather, they're a breed with two distinct types: the Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. These two have separate histories and traits but share the same charming look and intelligent nature. Whether one prefers the natural tail of a Cardigan or the docked tail of a Pembroke, both breeds offer loyal companionship and heaps of personality.
