Understanding Why Polydactyl Cats Happen
Polydactyl cats, often affectionately referred to as "Hemingway cats" after the famous author who kept many of them, have a unique physical trait: extra toes. This charming feature isn't just cosmetic—it's the result of a genetic variation that turns many of these felines into furry celebrities. But what causes this mutation, and what does it mean for the cat's health? Let’s explore the fascinating reasons behind polydactylism in cats.
What is Polydactylism?
Polydactylism is a congenital physical anomaly in cats characterized by having more than the usual number of toes. Most cats have five toes on their front paws and four on the back. Polydactyl cats can have six or more toes on one or more feet.
Genetic Cause of Polydactyl Cats
This condition is the result of a genetic mutation in a dominant gene. It typically affects the LIMBR1 gene, and if a cat inherits just one copy of the mutated gene from a parent, it can exhibit the trait. This means a polydactyl cat has a 50% chance of passing the gene to its offspring.
Types of Polydactylism in Cats
- Preaxial polydactyly: Extra toes appear on the inside (thumb side) of the paw.
- Postaxial polydactyly: Extra toes are on the outer side of the paw.
- Central polydactyly: Additional digits are located in the center of the paw, though this is rare.
Historical Background
Polydactyl cats were once considered good luck on ships. Sailors believed their extra toes gave better balance in rough seas. These cats were often found in port cities of the Northeastern U.S. and Great Britain, possibly arriving on ships as natural mousers. Ernest Hemingway famously had a colony of polydactyl cats in Key West, Florida, which is why they're sometimes called "Hemingway cats."
Is Polydactyly Harmful?
Generally, polydactylism is harmless and does not affect a cat’s quality of life. In fact, some say the extra toes provide better grasping ability and climbing skills. However, in rare cases, extra toes can cause nail and paw issues if they grow at awkward angles. Regular veterinary checks help ensure paw health.
Breeds and Regions More Likely to be Polydactyl
- Maine Coons: One of the breeds commonly associated with polydactyly, especially in the northeastern parts of the United States.
- Random-bred cats: The trait is found across many domestic short-haired and long-haired cats in areas like the UK, USA, and Canada.
- Geographic clusters: Particularly common in New England and Nova Scotia where sailors historically traveled.
Inheritance and Breeding
Polydactyly is an autosomal dominant trait, which means only one parent needs to carry the gene for the trait to pass on. A cat with polydactyly has a 50% chance of having a polydactyl kitten if bred with a non-polydactyl mate, and up to 100% if both parents carry the gene.
Caring for a Polydactyl Cat
- Paw checks: Ensure all nails, including those on extra toes, are regularly trimmed.
- Comfort: Watch for any signs of paw pain or deformity, particularly as the cat ages.
- Regular vet visits: To detect and manage any potential issues related to paw growth.
Are Extra-Toed Cats Allowed in Cat Shows?
While most cat fanciers appreciate the uniqueness of polydactyl cats, some cat show regulations do not allow them to compete, especially if they don't match the breed standard. However, there are dedicated clubs and events that celebrate polydactyl cats.
Famous Polydactyl Cats
- Snowball: A polydactyl cat gifted to Ernest Hemingway, who became the matriarch to many of his island's feline residents.
- President Theodore Roosevelt’s cat: Known to have extra toes and lived in the White House.
Conclusion
Polydactyl cats are a genetic marvel, cherished for their uniqueness and rich historical connection. While the genetic mutation might seem unusual, it doesn’t pose a health risk in the vast majority of cases. These cats continue to charm owners with their big, mitten-like paws and lovable personalities. If you ever find yourself lucky enough to own one, rest assured you’re in good company with generations of sea captains, authors, and animal lovers.
